Corporate Environmental Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Corporate Environmental Management - Coursework Example According to Ochoa 2011 (43), the global clothes supply is to undergo a voluminous growth with about US$ 1,852.7 billion expected out of the industry by 2015. This shows that the industry has a potential of reaping massive incomes. However, according at a market analysis conducted in 2008, the US textiles presented a decrease in sales. Notably, a trend provides a possibility of future deterioration. Initially, naturally produced clothes had a considerable market. However, introduction of cheaper synthetic clothes poses substantial challenges on the customary clothing styles. Traditionally made clothing presents a comparatively higher cost a condition that renders them less competitive in the market. The product faces competition challenges from other clothing products like nylon, polyester, gortex among others. However, synthetic clothes are associated with considerable pollutions in processing processes and as non-degradable wastes (Oakess 2009). Enterprise pollutions are presently, of crucial concerns. Apparently, the world is alert on the impact of pollutions and the need for observing safe and sustainable practices. Perceptible ideas advocated robustly in the current generation are adoption of less materialistic and energy intensive procedures and promotion of environmentally friendly practices. This means business can no more continue with unsafe practices but has to be the solution in solving the present challenges. In fact, sustainable practice is a strong competitive strategy in the current world (North 2007). Organic clothes accounts for these ideas; the clothes will promote concept of naturalization of events since their productions utilizes local ordinary material. Organics are highly degradable meaning that idea addresses the question of pollution substantially. Importantly, synthetic clothes are flooded in the market and competition pressures are stiff. However, minimal organic clothing ventures exists providing the new line with potentials of sour cing sizeable sales. The Product The new product line will provide unique and sustainable clothing. The product will offer variety eco-friendly products extending from heavy to light wears. The products will provide a wide baby and adult assortments. Production will cover common-wares like t-shirts, hats, socks, shirts and other wares. Additionally, the line will provide different coded style specially structured to suit diverse ages. The products will emphasize on quality, durable and sustainable eco-friendly products propagating for the need of healthy clothing. An effective marketing design will observe promotion of a clothing style with a natural taste and one that identifies out of other common styles. Organic clothing will invite a differential idea by providing a highly sustainable model. Synthetic productions flooded in the market are not sustainable (North 2007). Processing of artificial materials for making clothes consumes a lot of energy. Energy is a costly and a limited element hence

Sexual Child Abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sexual Child Abuse - Essay Example Recent researches have shown that many times the abuser himself had been a subject to child abuse in his or her past or has been a subject to physical violence. Abusers are usually self-centered lack ability to coping skills and have no understanding of child behavior pattern and treat them devastatingly without feeling for them.Another cause contributing to sexual child abuse is the mental state of abuser. History of abuser often reveals coping up with financial stress and depression in past, psychological illness. Abuser often belongs to a broken family or he has been neglected during his growth period which had affected his behavior and thinking adversely.Pedophilia is a psychiatric disorder often co related with neurological disorder in which abuser develops sexual interest for prepubescent child so it is also one of the causes of child sexual abuse. Pedophilia if not treated or repressed leads to severe consequences.it does not have any cure but it do have therapies that help th e abuser to cope up with his state. Pedophilic patients often stop sexual abuse when a child starts to develop secondary characteristics of adulthood. Sexual child abuse might be a single event or it may continue for several years.History of abusers have reveled consumption of excessive alcohol and drug intake, family troubles and poverty which is one of the main causes contributing to prevalence of sexual child abuse. Abuser might continue his harassment for over years which devastatingly damage. the personality and behavior of child. Children born to heavy alcoholic parents are at a greater risk of to suffer from sexual abuse in near future due to lack of interest of parents in the house which provides an opportunity to abuser to take advantage of the situation as such parents cannot provide much protection to their children due to their habit of alcohol. (Hornor, G., 2010) Sometimes abuser involves in sexual harassment of child just for the sake of fun and pleasure without caring for the child. These are some of the factors and causes that lead to sexual child abuse and harassment. Many researches indicated that abusers were a subject to amnesia. Another reason for sexual child abuse is that sometimes abuser does not feel sexual feelings for people belonging to their own age

RP-HPLC-UV Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Ceftriaxone

RP-HPLC-UV Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Ceftriaxone A Validated RP-HPLC-UV method for Simultaneous estimation of Ceftriaxone and Sulbactum in Rat Plasma ABSTRACT: A reverse phase-liquid chromatographic method with UV detection is developed for simultaneous estimation of ceftriaxone sodium and sulbactam sodium in rat plasma. Drugs were extracted from blank plasma by simple protein precipitation technique. Chromatographic separation of these two drugs was done on Phenomenex C18 column (250mm X 4.6mm, i.d, 5ÃŽ ¼m) by using mobile phase consisting of 10mM potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer (pH- 5) and acetonitrile (90:10 % v/v). The developed RP-HPLC method had the acceptable symmetrical peaks good resolution and drugs were eluted with good retention time. The developed bio-analytical method was Linear, precise, and accurate with the concentration range of 20-150 ÃŽ ¼g mL-1 for ceftriaxone and 10-75 ÃŽ ¼g mL-1 for sulbactam. From the developed method we can moniter ceftriaxone and sulbactam sodium concentrations in rat plasma. Keywords: Ceftriaxone sodium, Sulbactam sodium, Liquid chromatography, Rat plasma INTRODUCTION Ceftriaxone[1] (CFX) is a third generation cephalosporin. Chemically it is (6R,7R)-7-{2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-(Z)-2- [methoxyiminuteo-acetamido]-3{[(2,5-dihydro-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-as-triazin-3-yl)thio]methyl}-8-oxo-5-thia-l-azobicyclo [4,2,0] oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid. Sulbactam (SBM) chemically (2S,5R)-3,3-Dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1- azabicyclo[3.2.0] heptane -2-carboxylic acid 4,4-dioxide is used as a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Structural formulae of CFX and SBM are given in Fig.1. These drugs are frequently associated in pharmaceutical formulations against meningitis, typhoid, gonorrhoea and urinary tract infections [2]. Sulbactomax is a commercially available pharmaceutical product containing SBM and CFX. The product is available as a dry powder for injection. The product is supplied in different strengths (250 mg+125 mg, 500mg+250 mg, 1gm+0.5gm, 2gm+1gm) of CFX and SBM respectively. Fig.1.Chemical structure of CFX and SBM Sulbactomax is a synergistic antimicrobial mixture with clear in vitro antibacterial activity against a wide spectrum of organisms. SBM not only increases the antibacterial activity of CFX but also shows a moderate antibacterial activity by forming a protein complex with beta-lactamas by irreversibly blockin their destructive hydrolytic activity. Thus, SBM increases the spectrum of activity of CFX. This SBM also binds with some penicillin binding proteins, sensitive strains are often considered more susceptible to the Sulbactomax than CFX alone. In bacterial strains that produce either low amounts of beta lactamase, or none at all, a synergistic effect is witnessed when SBM is associated with CFX that has a complementary affinity for the target sites. Sulbactomax has good active against all the microorganisms which are sensitive/resistant to CFX. Further, it also demonstrates synergistic activity (decrease in minimum inhibitory concentrations for the combination versus those of each component) in a variety of organisms. So it has improved efficacy as compared to CFX alone, lesser side effects, wider spectrum coverage and better results of bacterial MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) makes this product unique in the world. A literature survey revealed a spectrophotometric [3], spectrofluorimetric in human plasma [4], HPLC for the estimation of marketed formulations [5,6], in human plasma [7] and for the determination of pharmacokinetics in dogs [8], capillary electrophoresis [9] and GC-MS [10] methods for the estimation of CFX and SBM individually and in combined forms. However, from the literature survey there was no method development reported for the simultaneous estimation of CFX and SBM by HPLC in rat plasma. The present communication describes an isocratic liquid chromatography (LC) method for simultaneous determination of CFX sodium and SBM, which can be used for the quality control of the formulation developed and other biological applications. Experimental Chemicals and Reagents All chemicals and reagents used were of analytical grade only. Milli-Q-water was used throughout the process and acetonitrile of HPLC grade were procured from Merck Chemical Laboratories, Bangalore, India. Commercial formulation, CetriaxS injection containing ceftriaxone sodium 1gm and sulbactam sodium 0.5 gm were obtained from the local market. Blank rat plasma was obtained from JSS Medical College and Hospital, Mysore, India. Instrumentation and Analytical Conditions A HPLC with the UV detector was used for this research work. Here the separation was done using Phenomenex C-18 column. The mobile phase was a mixture of phosphate Buffer (pH adjusted to 5 with potassium hydroxide) and acetonitrile (90:10) v/v. The mobile phase was filtered through 0.45 ÃŽ ¼ membrane filter before its use, degassed with a helium sparge for 15min at flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1. The column was maintained at room temperature 20 ±100C. The injection volume of samples was 10 ÃŽ ¼L. The analyte was monitored at wavelength of 230 nm and optimized chromatographic conditions are shown in Table-1. 2.3.Preparation of mobile phase: Phosphate buffer of pH 5 was prepared by dissolving 1.36 gm ofPotassiumdihydrogenorthophosphate in 1000 mL of water and it was sonicated for 5 minutes, then the pH was adjusted using potassium hydroxide solution. It was than filtered by vaccum filteration. Finally the mobile phase was prepared by mixing phosphate buffer and acetonitrile in the ratio 90:10v/v. 2.4.Preparation of standard and sample solution SeparatelyweighedquantityofCFXsodium(10mg)andSBMsodium (10mg)was transferred into a 100mL volumetricflaskandmadeupto100mLwithwatertoget100  µg mL-1 ofCFXsodiumand100  µg mL-1 ofSBM. From this, different solutions containing the mixture of CFXsodium(20-150  µg mL-1) and SBMsodium(10-75  µg mL-1) were prepared. For the preparation of sample solution, Cetriax-Spowder for injection(containing1gmof CFXand0.5gmof SBM)was transferred to a 100 mL volumetric flask. Distilled water was added, and then swirled to dissolve it, diluted to 100 mL with the same solvent. 2.5.Preparation of calibration curve: Five different concentrated solutions containing mixture of CFX (20-150  µg mL-1) and SBM (10-75  µg mL-1) were injected onto HPLC. A calibration curve was prepared taking concentrations on X-axis and Peak Area on Y-Axis. 2.6.Preparation of plasma samples: Plasma samples of CFX and SBM was prepared by the protein precipitation method. A blank was prepared by taking 0.1mL of rat plasma and to this 1.9 mL of acetonitrile was added and sample was prepared by taking 0.1 mL of combination of CFX and SBM (which were mixed in equal volumes) and 0.1 mL of rat plasma was added to the 2 mL Eppendorf tubes containing 1.8 mL of acetonitrile. These samples were centrifuged for 10 min at 10,000 rpm. The supernatant solution filtered through 0.45 µ syringe filter and transferred to HPLC vials. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Method Development Taking into consideration, the instability of CFX and SBM in strong alkaline and strong acidic condition, the pH value of the mobile phase should be limited within the range of 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 7, since mild acidic pH favours the retention and separation of two drugs on Cà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 18 column. After few trials, phosphate buffer with pH 5 was finalized. The method development started with the methanol and phosphate buffer as drugs did not elute in this mobile phase, so the organic phase was altered from methanol to acetonitrile. Both CFX and SBM in the mobile phase have no significant UV maximum, the wavelength of 230 nm was employed for the detection. After few trails Phenomenex C-18 column and binary mixture of phosphate buffer (pH 5) and acetonitrile (90:10 % v/v) was optimized as mobile phase which produced symmetric peak shape, good resolution and reasonable retention time for both the drugs (Table 1). The retention times of CFX and SBM for six repetitions were found to be 7.8  ± 0.02 min and 4.7  ± 0.006 respectively (Fig.2). (a) (b) Fig.2. LC chromatogram of rat blank plasma (a) plasma spiked with standard CFX and SBM(b) Table 1. Optimized chromatographic conditions Parameter Optimized condition Chromatograph HPLC with UV- detector Column C18 Column Mobile Phase Acetonitrile and pH-5 buffer in the ratio of 10:90(v/v) Flow rate 1.00 mL min-1 Detection 230nm Injection volume 10 ÃŽ ¼L Temperature column Room temperature 3.2.Method validation Validation is a process of establishing documented evidence, which offers a high degree of assurance that a specific activity will steadily yield anticipated result or product meeting its predetermined specifications and quality features [11]. The method was validated for different parameters like linearity, precision, recovery, accuracy, selectivity and sensitivity [12]. 3.2.1Selectivity Selectivity is defined as, the capability of an analytical method to distinguish and measure the analyte in the presence of other components in the sample [12]†. Selectivity is calculated by injecting extracted blank plasma and relating with the response of extracted LLOQ samples. Both the peaks of Ceftriaxone and Sulbactum did not interfere with any endogenous components. 3.2.2Sensitivity Sensitivity is measured using Lower Limit of Quantification (LLOQ). LLOQ is the lowest concentration of the standard curve that can be measured with acceptable accuracy and precision [12]†. The LLOQ was established using five samples independent of standards and determined the co-efficient of variation and appropriate confidence interval. 3.2.3.Linearity of Response To demonstrate the linearity of response, series of solutions ranging from (20-150  µg mL-1) of CFX and SBM of (10-75  µg mL-1) were prepared and injected onto the HPLC system following the described conditions. The graph was constructed between concentration vs. peak area and it was found that correlation co-efficient and regression analysis were within the limits and the results are summarized in the Table 2, and the calibration graphs are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 for CFX and SBM respectively. Fig.3. Calibration graph of CFX Fig.4. Calibration graph of SBM Table 2. Linearity of CFX and SBM Parameters CFX SBM Retention time (min) 7.3 4.6 Linear range (ppm) [n=6] ( µg mL-1) 20-150 10-75 Correlation coefficient (r2) 0.996 0.997 Slope 1513.1 155.58 Intercept 272333 61596 Lowest limit of quatification LLOQ ( µg mL-1) 0.87 0.96 3.2.4.Recovery â€Å"The recovery of an analyte is the detector response achieved from an quantity of the analyte added to and extracted from the biological matrix, correlated to the detector response found for the true concentration of the pure authentic standard†[12]. â€Å"Recovery of the analyte is not necessary be 100%† [12]. This experiments were performed by comparing the analytical results for extracted samples at three different concentrations (low, medium, and high) with unextracted standards that represent 100% recovery. Results are summarised in Table 3. Table 3. Recovery studies of CFX sodium and SBM Concentration of CFX and sulbactam Amount recovered% for CFX Amount recovered% for SBM Low 98.7% 99.9% Medium 96.8% 98.9% High 99.3% 98.6% 3.2.5.Accuracy and Precision For validation of this bioanalytical method, precision and accuracy should be determined using minimum of five determinations per concentration level (excluding blank samples). The mean value should be within  ± 15% of the theoretical value, except at LLOQ, where it must not differ by more than  ± 20%. The accuracy and precision around the mean value should not be beyond 15% of the CV except for LLOQ, where it should not exceed by 20% of the CV. The accuracy of the analytical method defines the closeness of agreement between the test value and the reference value. The precision of the analytical method describes the closeness of frequent individual measures of analyte. Accuracy is expressed in terms of % obtained. Precision is expressed in terms of coefficient of variation (CV). The statistical method for determination of the accuracy and precision should be predefined and calculated according standard practise. Accuracy and Precision should be demonstrated for the low, medium, high and LLOQ QC samples, within a single run and between different runs results are summarised in Table 4 5. % CV (precision) =100 x Standard deviation/Mean Table 4. Accuracy and Precision of CFX Theoretical concentration ( µg/mL) Measured concentration ( µg/mL) Intra-day Inter-day %CV Accuracy (%) %CV Accuracy (%) 20 0.98 98.4 1.42 96.1 100 0.76 103.7 1.32 102.3 150 1.34 99.5 1.7 98.7 Table 5. Accuracy and Precision of SLB Theoretical concentration  µg mL-1 Measured concentration ( µg mL-1) Intra-day Inter-day %CV Accuracy (%) %CV Accuracy (%) 10 0.96 101.7 0.76 95.6 50 1.00 99.8 1.2 103.4 75 1.02 97.3 1.04 97.4 3.2.6.Stability studies Freeze and Thaw Stability Stability of analyte was determined with three freeze and thaw cycles. All the three aliquots at low, medium and high concentrations were stored at the proposed storage temperature for 24 hours and defrosted unassisted at room temperature. When completely thawed, the samples were again frozen for 12 to 24 hours under the same conditions. The same cycle was repeated two more times, and then analyzed after the third cycle. Short-Term Temperature Stability Three aliquots of low, medium and high concentrations were thawed at room temperature and at this temperature sample was kept from 4 to 24 hours and analyzed. Long-Term Stability The storage time in a long-term stability assessment should surpass the time between the date of first sample collection and the date of last sample analysis. Long-term stability was determined by storing three aliquots of the low, medium and high concentrations under the same conditions as that of the study samples. The concentrations of all the stability samples were related to the mean of back-calculated values for the standards at the suitable concentrations from the first day of long-term stability testing. Stock Solution Stability The stability of stock solutions of drug was estimated at room temperature for 6 hours. After the desired storage time, the stability was confirmed by comparing the instrument response with that of newly prepared solutions Results are summarised in Table 6. Table 6. Stability studies of CFX and SBM Stability  µg mL-1 (error %) CFX  µg mL-1 (error %) SBM 20 100 150 10 50 75 Freeze-thaw 84.5 93.3 94.9 88.5 96.3 97.9 Long term 100.5 100.6 100.8 100.5 101.6 100.8 Short term 93.9 97.6 101.4 93.9 93.6 103.4 Stock Solution 95.6 97.6 93.2 95.3 96.8 98.5 SUMMARY In this work, a simple, stability indicating, accurate and validated stability indicating HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of ceftriaxone and sulbactam in their pharmaceutical formulation was developed. The method was validated according to FDA guidelines. CFX and SBM were eluted at 7.3 min and 4.6 min respectively. The correlation coefficient (r2) for CFX and SBM were found to be 0.996 and 0.9976 respectively. Lower Limit of quantification (LLOQ) was found to be 0.87  µg mL-1 for ceftriaxone and 0.96  µg mL-1 for sulbactam. The %CV for the intraday and interday precision were found to be CONCLUSION The method includes simple and precise method for simultaneous determination of CFX sodium and SBM. It produces symmetrical peak shape, good resolution and reasonable  retention time for both drugs. So this method can be appropriate for the   simultaneous estimation of CFX sodium and SBM in quality control studies for routine analysis. AKNOWLEDGMENT The authors are thankful to The Principal, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, Mysore for providing all necessary facilities to carry out the research. The authors are also thankful to Strides Arco labs, Bangalore for providing the pure salbactum sodium and ceftriaxone sodium as gift samples. References Rang HP, Dale MM (1993). Pharmacology, (2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone, ELBS. Physicians Desk Reference (1997). American Academy of Physician Assistants (51th ed). Patel FM, Dave JB , Patel CN, spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous estimation of cefuroxime sodium and sulbactam sodium in injecton, International journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research.2012; 3(9), 3513-3517. Jasmin Shah,Rasul Jan M,Sultan Shah,Naeem M, Spectrofluorimetric Protocol for Ceftriaxone in Commercial Formulation and Human Plasma After Condensation with Formaldehyde and Ethyl Acetoacetate, Journal of Fluorescence.2011; 21(6), 2155-2163. Shrivastava SM, Singh R, Ariq A, Siddiqui MR, Yadav J, Negi PS, Chaudhary M, A novel high performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of ceftriaxone and sulbactam in sulbactomax, Inter Journal of Biomed Sci. 2009; 5(1), 37-43. Durairaj S, Annadurai T, Palani Kumar B, Arunkumar S, Simultaneous Estimation of Ceftriaxone Sodium and Sulbactam Sodium using Multi-Component Mode of Analysis, Inter Journal of ChemTech Research. 2010; 2(4), 2177-2181. Huang Ying, Liang Maozhi, Yu Qin, Jiang Lei,Shi Yingkang, Determination of ceftriaxone in human plasma by HPLC, Chinease Journal of Antibiotics.2000; 25,109. Zhao Xi, Zhang Dan, Chen Hong, Determination of cefotaxime/sulbactam in plasma and pharmacokinetics in dogs by high performance liquid chromatography. Zhongguo Kangshengsu Zazhi. 2004; 29(10): 614-616. Jelinek I, Krejcirova H, Dohan J, Roubal Z, Determination of sulbactam in human serum using capillary electrophoresis,Cesk Farm.1990; 39,305–307. Foulds G, Gans DJ, Girard D, Whall TJ, Assays of sulbactam in the presence of ampicillin.Therm Drug Monit.1986;2,223–237. Lloyd RS, Joseph JK, Joseph LG (1997). Practical HPLC Method Development (2ndedition) New York: Wiley-Blackwell. FDAUS. Guidance for Industry: Bioanalytical Method Validation. Rockville, MD, USA: US Department of Health and human services, US FDA/Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; 2001.

The Role of Ancient Gods Essay -- essays research papers fc

When we study ancient Greek and Roman literature, we realize that the world perception in those times, among people, was much different from what it is now. It is especially obvious when we begin to analyze the role of mythical and religious elements in ancient literature. According to the classical Christian theological theory, people’s need for believing in supernatural beings is caused by their fear of nature. This concept strikingly resembles the Marxist explanation - it also names fear as the main factor. If one reads Homer’s â€Å"Iliad† and â€Å"Odyssey,† and Virgil’s â€Å"Aeneid†, he gets to realize that the ancient concept of people’s interaction with Gods is totally deprived of fear in any form. In all three masterpieces, Gods are basically described as humans, with all their strengths and weaknesses, although being immortal. Humans often revere Gods, but not out of fear – they simply respect their superiority. Many historians suggest that one of the main reasons, which enabled Greek and Roman civilizations to reach extraordinary heights in the fields of culture and science, is the fact of their religious liberalism. Let us to take a closer look at all three poems, so it’ll be easier for us to find common religious motives in all of them. Homer’s â€Å"Odyssey† is one of the finest examples of ancient Greek literature. Along with â€Å"Iliad† it represents an ultimate expression of ancient spirit, which we still use as a standard while assessing the cultural legacy of our own Western civilization. Modern historians doubt whether the same author wrote these two epic masterpieces. The main reason for this is that â€Å"Odyssey†, stylistically and conceptually, is much different from â€Å"Iliad†. First one is a high tragedy, its storyline based on the events of Trojan War. The style of this poem is very noble and there is no place for petty human weaknesses. The action takes place at the time when city of Troy was being besieged by Achaeans. Achaean leader Agamemnon takes Chrysies as his prize. She prays Apollo, who sends a plague on Achaeans. Achaean hero Achilles asks his mother sea-nymph Thetis to ask Zeus to punish Achaeans for being ignorant towards Achilles: â€Å"God of the silver bow, thy ear incline, Whose power encircles Cilla the divine; Whose sacred eye thy Tenedos surveys, And gilds fair Chrysa with distinguished rays! If, fired to vengeance at thy priest's request, Thy d... ...iter favors Aeneas. The God of Sea Neptune is also on the side of Aeneas, who’s able to safely reach the shores of Carthage, after storm dies down as a result of Neptune’s involvement. Among other Roman Gods that interact with Aeneas, we can name Mercury, Aeolus, Cupid, Allecto, Vulcan, Saturn and Minerva. The role of divine beings in all three poems can hardly be overestimated. What separates these poems from later Christian literature is the fact the Gods actively participate in people’s affairs and there is no judgment found on them†¦ Bibliography: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Homer. â€Å"The Odyssey†. Translated by Fitzgerald, R. Garden City, NY, Anchor/Doubleday, 1961 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Homer. â€Å"The Iliad†. Translated by Lattimore, R. University of Chicago. 1951. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vergil. â€Å"Aeneid†. Translated by Williams. T. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. The Outline 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  P. 1, Short introduction of the topic. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pp. 1 – 2, Homer’s â€Å"Iliad† analysis. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pp. 2 – 3, Homer’s â€Å"Odyssey† analysis. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pp. 3 – 4, Virgil’s â€Å"Aeneid† analysis. The Role of Ancient Gods Essay -- essays research papers fc When we study ancient Greek and Roman literature, we realize that the world perception in those times, among people, was much different from what it is now. It is especially obvious when we begin to analyze the role of mythical and religious elements in ancient literature. According to the classical Christian theological theory, people’s need for believing in supernatural beings is caused by their fear of nature. This concept strikingly resembles the Marxist explanation - it also names fear as the main factor. If one reads Homer’s â€Å"Iliad† and â€Å"Odyssey,† and Virgil’s â€Å"Aeneid†, he gets to realize that the ancient concept of people’s interaction with Gods is totally deprived of fear in any form. In all three masterpieces, Gods are basically described as humans, with all their strengths and weaknesses, although being immortal. Humans often revere Gods, but not out of fear – they simply respect their superiority. Many historians suggest that one of the main reasons, which enabled Greek and Roman civilizations to reach extraordinary heights in the fields of culture and science, is the fact of their religious liberalism. Let us to take a closer look at all three poems, so it’ll be easier for us to find common religious motives in all of them. Homer’s â€Å"Odyssey† is one of the finest examples of ancient Greek literature. Along with â€Å"Iliad† it represents an ultimate expression of ancient spirit, which we still use as a standard while assessing the cultural legacy of our own Western civilization. Modern historians doubt whether the same author wrote these two epic masterpieces. The main reason for this is that â€Å"Odyssey†, stylistically and conceptually, is much different from â€Å"Iliad†. First one is a high tragedy, its storyline based on the events of Trojan War. The style of this poem is very noble and there is no place for petty human weaknesses. The action takes place at the time when city of Troy was being besieged by Achaeans. Achaean leader Agamemnon takes Chrysies as his prize. She prays Apollo, who sends a plague on Achaeans. Achaean hero Achilles asks his mother sea-nymph Thetis to ask Zeus to punish Achaeans for being ignorant towards Achilles: â€Å"God of the silver bow, thy ear incline, Whose power encircles Cilla the divine; Whose sacred eye thy Tenedos surveys, And gilds fair Chrysa with distinguished rays! If, fired to vengeance at thy priest's request, Thy d... ...iter favors Aeneas. The God of Sea Neptune is also on the side of Aeneas, who’s able to safely reach the shores of Carthage, after storm dies down as a result of Neptune’s involvement. Among other Roman Gods that interact with Aeneas, we can name Mercury, Aeolus, Cupid, Allecto, Vulcan, Saturn and Minerva. The role of divine beings in all three poems can hardly be overestimated. What separates these poems from later Christian literature is the fact the Gods actively participate in people’s affairs and there is no judgment found on them†¦ Bibliography: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Homer. â€Å"The Odyssey†. Translated by Fitzgerald, R. Garden City, NY, Anchor/Doubleday, 1961 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Homer. â€Å"The Iliad†. Translated by Lattimore, R. University of Chicago. 1951. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vergil. â€Å"Aeneid†. Translated by Williams. T. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. The Outline 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  P. 1, Short introduction of the topic. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pp. 1 – 2, Homer’s â€Å"Iliad† analysis. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pp. 2 – 3, Homer’s â€Å"Odyssey† analysis. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pp. 3 – 4, Virgil’s â€Å"Aeneid† analysis.

Ebusiness

The SSL technology ensures that sensitive information being sent to the sever is secure and has not been altered. Through encryption, confidential information such as name, address and credit card details cannot be read by anyone other than the authorised party (Is it safe to order online? , 2013). With the help of SSL, it enhances security and users are less prone to encounter phishing attacks. 4 ASOS’s e-business system 4. 1 Tangible benefits 4. 1. 1 Enhance customer relationship With the use of social networking sites and internet, it increases awareness to large amounts of consumers in a short period of time.ASOS makes full use of this method with blogs, Facebook, Twitter, Youtube to premote its products. With the growing use of internet and social media, ASOS advertises its products and promotions online which increases customer base and brand identity. It also helps customers to give feedback or make complaints which help establish a sthronger relationship between busine ss and consumers. Therefore social media and internet are priceless resources for ASOS to increase customer base and profits. 4. 1. 2 Improve time management and cost efficiencyAs ASOS uses a pure e-commerce system, customers need not move around to select products which show there is a huge gain over physical stores. The costs of products are cheaper compared to physical stores because extra manpower is not needed to operate the physical store which mearns ASOS saves on wages and rent for physical stores. Thanks to internet marketing through Facebook or within ASOS website, it is more targeted than traditional media. It is cost efficient and recognized by millions of people. ASOS applies e-commerce systems which improves the efficiency of logistics and inventory management.With the help of e-commerce, order fulfillment is accomplished quickly, more accurately and cost effectively. There is no need for phone calls to clarify and confirm purchases. This improves the efficiency of ord er fulfilment and improves the speed of delivery which surpasses customer expectations. 4. 2Intangible Benefits 4. 2. 1Improved strategic position of company As one of the leading online fashion store, ASOS has gained a competitive advantage in the fashion industry (Greenblat, 2013). ASOS were able to implement strategic plans earlier than its competitors and managed to gain a better position in the market.As a pure online retailer, ASOS must focus on maintaining and ensuring their website is constantly updated and managed professionally. In contrary to ASOS, competitors whom are click-and-mortar based have to emphasise more towards maintaining their physical store as well as their website. 4. 2. 2Increasing customer loyalty E-commerce businesses can face problems since they are not able to communicate directly with their customers but ASOS has managed to continuously increase customer loyalty by providing excellent customer services to its customers such as ensuring efficient and e ffective payment and delivery of goods to customers.ASOS also makes sure of the convenience in finding items, comparing and checking them out. Customers who are highly satisfied with the services provided would have increased loyalty and will give positive testimonials and word of mouth to other consumers. 4. 2. 3 Vision, Mission and Strategy ASOS’s vision is to create a unique multi-channel shopping experience where twenty-something fashion lovers can network, share ideas, create their own styles and shop together. (Home – ASOS Plc. , n. d. ). Conducting their business online plays an important role in achieving their vision. With the advancement of Web 2. , ASOS websites and their participation in social network accounts not only facilitates customers to interact with one another and the company, but also encourages them the share and spread their fashion ideas and knowledge, which relates to their vision. This would then lead to achieving the company’s missio n which is â€Å"to lead the fashion revolution† (ASOS – Next Generation Pledge, 2010). With the help of the e-business systems, ASOS is able to continue to ensure all participants of the system stay connected through online network, to continue to share and grow business ideas together, since ASOS is a virtual organization. . e-Business Issues 5. 1 Security and Privacy Issues Security is crucial in every organization. Since ASOS is an online based organization there are various types of attack that they can encounter. Identity theft is one of the main problems faced which prevents consumers purchasing from ASOS. New born sites usually are not trusted by first time online purchasers. To avoid this, ASOS uses Comodo SSL certificate which help in securing online payment system and reduce identity theft. The most basic protection against technical attacks is firewalls and antivirus.These basic protections should be implemented in every e-business as even small viruses may cause websites to crash which would require a significant time to recover. This also affects the reputation of ASOS. In order to have an improved, more efficient and effective security in the long run, ASOS should invest in security to enhance pproduactivity. 5. 2 Marketing Issues One of the marketing issues ASOS face is trust issues on online shopping. Constant phishing attack on e-commerce sites make customers more aware of the risks of providing personal information online.Therefore, building trust is a crucial key to promoting products online. ASOS iintegrates the latest privacy and security technologies to enhance security online. As ASOS being a pure play organization, it faces a tough competition in the virtual business platform. Today, many organizations perform businesses online. To increase market share, ASOS have to set themselves apart from the competition by being more creative and innovative, such as providing more product or service than other competitors which in re turn attracts more customers. Another way to attract customers is to offer discounts or coupons to hike sales.

Childhood Memory

I am an international college student from Vietnam, and have been through twelve grades with lots of memories. One thing I could say is the interval time between my sixth and eighth grade was the time that I cherish the most. It is not only because it was my most successful time with a bunch of fabulous achievements I obtained, but also because literally it was my great pleasure to be instructed by a very thoughtful teacher. She was my Mathematics teacher, and her name is Mrs. Nguyen. I did enjoy most of her lectures in class. Thanks to being taught by a great teacher, Mathematics gradually became my most favorite subject. At that time, Vietnamese teachers received just a small amount of salary every month due to the government did not have much money. They could have a good life if they live alone, and only spend money for their own. However, if they have a family, their husband or wife needs to have much better income to run the house and nurture their children. My teacher and her husband both do educational job. As a result, they do not have good income enough to run their house and to pay tuitions for their kids. Therefore, those who had the same situation like this usually opened extra classes at their home for a little income. The government prohibited teachers to give extra lectures at their home because they worried that if teachers give lectures at home, students would get bored of listening lectures in class. Childhood Memory As a child everything was so much more simple. Day after day I only had one objective on my mind, and that was to go outside and have as much fun as I possibly could before the sun went down and it became dark, that was when I had to be home. My cousins lived right next to me so i can always remember going outside and swimming in our swimming pool, and then we would go over to our grandmothers house for lunch, she lived on the other side of my house right next door, I will never forget going over their amd smelling the freshly baked cookies she always made us.There are alot of things i can remember from my childhood but everytime I think back this one seems to always stand out the most. I will never forget the early morning that my dad woke me up on my birthday. He woke me up and told me to get ready because we had to go. I remember asking him over and over again why I was up so early, and where in the world do we have to go its my birthday what about when all my friends come over. H e told me to not worry because he had a special suprise for me, I was so excited but I couldn't think of what the suprise could be.Driving in the car felt like it was taking forever, I was so tired i fell back asleep in the back seat. Once we got there my dad woke me up again but this time when i opened my eyes i saw my cousin michael and my uncle donny standing right next to my dad. I remember asking what is going on and thats when my dad showed my the fourwheeler he bought me. I couldn't have been any happier at that moment I was jumping up and down overwhelmed with joy. e put the fourwheeler on my uncles trailer but there was already one on it, thats when my cousin michael told me that his dad got him one too. I was so happy because we did everything together, nobody could sperate us. I couldn't thank my father enough on the way home, a fourwheeler was my dream I always wanted to have one they looked like so much fun all of the my older friends and cousins had one not to mention all the video games that I played with them. I couldn't believe that I finally had one now all I needed to do was learn how to ride it.This was one of my biggest challenges because nobody ever showed me how. When we finally got home my dad and my uncle took both fourwheelers off of the trailer and my dad showed me what to do how to use the gas, turn and how to stop with the brake. He turned the fourwheeler on for me and I sped away having no clue what I was doing, my cousin followed right behind me but he already knew how to ride because his brother had a fourwheeler and he taught him what to do. We rode all the way to the fields in my backyard behind the apple orchard.Right before the field there's a hill that has a deer feeder on it close to the woods my dad hunts in, i decided to try and drive up the hill I guess i wasn't ready to do something that experianced because when I got halfway up the hill I stalled the fourwheeler and hit the back brake and the fourwheeler flipped over and I fell off rolling down the hill the fourwheeler landed on my hand. My dad came running down to me and picked me up because I was screaming thinking my hand was broken, I always over exaggerated everything when I was younger.I went up to the house and put ice on my hand because it was really swollen. That ended my day because when my mom came home she was so worried she didn't want to ride my fourwheeler anymore because she thought it was too dangerous. I tried to tell her that it was an accident and I just did something I shouldn't have tried yet. She told me I could ride it again if i waited for my hand to heal, but of course I didn't listen to anything my parents told me because I was a wild child.So the very next day I was back out riding again with my cousin but this time we took it a little bit easier and went slow and I wouldn't dare attempt the hill again. My mom was ferious when she found out that I was riding when I wasn't suppose to be. I was bound and determined to b e the better than my cousin someday but I doubted it because he was two years older than me and he was always bigger than me so he had an advantage because we had the same fourwhellers and i was a little bit to small for it.Everyday we would wake up at the same time around eight in the morning and we both would meet at my barn where we kept the fourwheelers and we would go up to the house and fill up our tanks with gas and go ride in the fields behind my house and across the street. we would come home at dinner time so filthy, we would be covered in mud from head to toe but we didn't care at all because we were kids just having the best time of our lives. Now that I reflect upon my childhood I realize that I do not regret any choices that I made because that's what made me happy.I had alot of fun as a child and I miss every second of it, I didn't have a worry in the world. Now that I am getting older and about to graduate from high school I know that those days are over. At this poi nt in my life I need to get down and stay focused and determined to live a successful life, I feel that if I put my mind to it I will be able to do it. Just like how determined I was to be better than my cousin everyday I practiced, and I soon became much better doing things that he still to this day can not do. My childhood was perfect and I wouldn't change anything about it, these memories will live on forever with me.

Unique March Holidays and Fun Ways to Celebrate Them

Unique March Holidays and Fun Ways to Celebrate Them Marchs signature holiday may be St. Patricks Day, but there are plenty of little-known holidays throughout the month. Unique holidays can be the most fun to celebrate. Add some fun learning opportunities to your school calendar this month by celebrating these unique March holidays. Dr. Seuss Day (March 2) Theodor Seuss Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss, was born on March 2, 1904, in Springfield, Massachusetts. Dr. Seuss wrote dozens of classic children’s books, including  The Cat in the Hat, Green Eggs and Ham, and One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish Blue Fish. Celebrate his birthday with some of the following ideas: Use food coloring to enjoy a breakfast of green eggs and ham.The book  Green Eggs and Ham was written using only 50 words. Try writing a story of your own using those same 50 words.Throw a Dr. Seuss birthday party.Make Cat in the Hat cookies World Wildlife Day (March 3) Celebrate World Wildlife Day by learning more about the creatures that inhabit our world. Choose a unique animal to research. Use the library or online resources to discover facts such as where it lives; its habit; its life cycle and lifespan; what it eats; and what makes it unique.Visit a zoo, aquarium, nature preserve, or conservation center.Define the words endangered and extinct. Discover some examples of each and learn what steps we can take to help preserve endangered species. Oreo Cookie Day (March 6) Oreo, the best-selling cookie in the United States, consists of two chocolate cookies with a sweet, cream filling. The most obvious way to celebrate Oreo Cookie Day is to grab a handful of cookies and a glass of milk for a tasty treat. You might also try some of the following: Use Oreo cookies to demonstrate the phases of the moon.Learn about the history of Oreo cookies.Make Oreo truffles. Pi Day (March 14) Math lovers, rejoice! Pi Day is celebrated on March 14 – 3.14 – each year. Mark the day by: Answering the question,  what is pi?Reading  Sir Conference and the Dragon of Pi.Baking an actual pie.Doing something special – eat your pie, throw confetti – at 1:59 p.m. to reinforce the fact that the actual value of pi is 3.14159†¦ World Storytelling Day (March 20) World Storytelling Day celebrates the art of oral storytelling. Storytelling is much more than simply sharing facts. It’s weaving them into memorable tales that can be passed down from generation to generation. Check with your local library to see if they have lined up any special guests for World Storytelling Day.Invite your children’s grandparents to tell stories of their childhood. If the grandparents are stuck for ideas, try these storytelling suggestions.Allow each of your family members to try their hand at storytelling.Try some games to improve your storytelling technique. Poetry Day (March 21) Poems often trigger an emotional response, causing them to stay lodged in our memories for a lifetime. Writing poetry can be a wonderful emotional outlet. Try these ideas to celebrate Poetry Day: Learn about different types of poetry, such as  acrostic, Haiku, found poetry, couplets, etc.Try writing a few different types of poems.Choose a book or two of poetry to read from throughout the day.Illustrate your favorite poem.Try memorizing a new poem.Learn about a famous poet. Make Up Your Own Holiday Day (March 26) Can’t find a holiday to suit you? Make up your own! Turn it into a learning opportunity for your homeschooled students by inviting them to write a paragraph describing their made-up holiday. Be sure to  answer why and how it is celebrated. Then, commence celebrating! Pencil Day (March 30) Despite its obscure history, Pencil Day should be celebrated by homeschoolers worldwide  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ because who is better at losing pencils than we are? They disappear at an alarming rate rivaled only by single socks that disappear from the dryer. Celebrate Pencil Day by: Going on a search and rescue mission for all the missing pencils in your home.Learn about some notable pencil users.Make a pencil cake.Purchase pencils to donate to organizations who supply school supplies to needy children. These little-known holidays can add an air of festivity to each week throughout the month. Have fun!

Do you spell Free Reign with a G

Do you spell Free Reign with a G Do correct spellings change over time? This video clip from ABC News, and the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), assert that they do. Usage does dictate what authorities such as the OED report as correct spellings of words, such as free reign and vocal chords. As much as I would like to think things like spellings do not change, I am forced to admit that they do. National Dictionary Day:Â   do you spell free reign with a G? Category:Grammar Writing TipsBy Brenda BernsteinNovember 29, 2009

Capital Structures of the Indian Industrial Sector

Capital Structures of the Indian Industrial Sector Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Capital is the main factor of every industry, a company start with capital and end with demolition of that capital. So the capital and capital structure are one of the most important terms in every business, Companies have been struggling with capital structures for more than four decades. During credit expansions, companies have been unable to build enough liquidity to survive the contractions, especially those enterprises with unpredictable cash flow streams which end up with excess debt during business slowdowns In this research I am going to Exam the changes in the capital structure of Indian industrial sector, with a special reference to Indian textiles industry .The purpose of this paper is to determine whether firm-specific capital structure determinants in the emerging market of India. support the capital structure theories which were developed to explain the company structures in developed economies. In other words, the main motivatio n for this study is to highlight the role of firm characteristics and industrial sector-specific variables in determining capital structure. This is an attempt to a panel data study of capital structure determinants. Statement of the Problem There is lot of study conducted in the field of capital structure theory but no systematic study with applying econometric model and tools used like panel data are not conducted in India yet. It consist analyzing both time and cross sectional variables. There is No studies are conducted on specified sector. The study by sector wise is more effective than in macro level research which is avoid sector variable. Each industry has its own uniqueness and situations. When taking macro level data set will miss its sector uniqueness. This research is an enquiry through panel data analysis with considering sector as important factors. Specifically researcher tries to answer some questions, firstly which selected factors are more influence in short te rm leverage of a firm, and which is not influence on it . Secondly long term leverage has any determinate in Indian industry and which factors is more influenced in total debt decision. Also questioned extraneous variable like bank rate, inflation rate can make any impact on capital structure. The researcher conduct a pre study for specifying research problem. Pre study The pre study was conducted by analyzing all companies in india by classify these companies in sector wise. Assigning debt equity ratio as variable for prestudy, by Using cmie and Bloomberg database, researcher collect all companies 5year debt equity ratio and classified them in sector wise. Companies arranged under in a Automobiles & ancillaries, Banking, chemical , communication, construction & real estate, construction material, consumer goods sector, energy, food & Agro, hotel & tourism, IT, investment & finance, Machinery, metal, mining ,textiles, transport and wholesale & re tale sectors. Take 5 year averag e of all company and find out standard deviation of each sector. The value arranged below table. Table 1.1 .Result of Pre study Sectors Average Debt on equity Standard deviation Automobiles & ancillaries index 1.06 3.561244 Banking services index 1.53 0.695391 Chemicals & chemical products index 1.53 3.562817 Communication services index 1.54 21.75133 Construction & real estate index 1.92 26.57946 Construction materials index 0.77 23.65846 Consumer goods index 1.72 8.326452 Energy index 1.36 2.520609 Food & agro-based products index 1.45 7.826624 Hotels & tourism index 1.33 18.53691 Information technology index 0.35 1.677905 Investment services index 0.24 1.035782 Machinery index 1.26 7.248118 Metals & metal products index 1.3 16.62944 Pharma 1.63 86.75429 Mining index 0.34 6.509317 Textiles index 2.05 167.5378 Transport services index 1.68 2.88037 Wholesale & retail trading index 1.68 34.62297 In this table textiles sector have very high debt equity and not ordinary deviation between companies. High standard deviation mean that in textile sector, some companies has very low debt and some has very high. It is india’s one of the oldest and major export sector too. Highest deviation and irregularity in debt is not a better sign. So need an attention on capital strucre determinant of Indian textile sector.

Effectiveness of reminders in increasing compliance to SBGM Essay

Effectiveness of reminders in increasing compliance to SBGM - Essay Example According to the research various studies have been carried out on the impact of self reminders and the use of SMBG in the monitoring of diabetes. In a paper by Karter, et.al., the authors sought to assess the impact of self-monitoring blood glucose levels in improving blood sugar levels. Their study was carried out as a cohort design which was applied in order to detect the relation between self-monitoring frequency and the first glycosylated hemoglobin level in 1997. The authors were able to establish clear results which indicated that the use of self-monitoring blood glucose tests was also associated with lower HbA1c levels. All in all, the study revealed that with more frequent SMBG processes applied, it was possible to achieve lower glucose levels and therefore better outcomes for patients with diabetes. In yet another study by Karter and colleagues, the authors set out to establish the various barriers in the application of SMBG. Their study was a cross-sectional study which so ught to evaluate SMBG use and its barriers in about 44,000 diabetic patients who were being treated in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Region. The authors were able to establish that 60% of type 1 diabetic patients and 67% type 2 diabetic patients indicated a lesser frequency in their SMBG. Most of the reasons for their failure to carry out their SMBG included the following: longer time since diagnosis, male sex, age, ethnic minority, lower education, lower income, non-English speaking, high cost of glucometer strips, smoking, and excessive smoking. In effect, the authors were able to highlight that there were significant gaps in the actual and recommended SMBG practices in the organization covered with the dominant elements relating to ethnicity and language barriers being strong determinants of SMBG compliance. Moreover, low income also seems to impact the use of SMBG with the affordability of these strips put to issue (Karter, et.al., 2000). Despite studies proving that patients’ improved blood glucose levels with SMBG, various studies reveal that there is a lack of compliance with home blood glucose monitoring. Burge (2001) discusses that about 67% of patients with diabetes fail to routinely evaluate their blood glucose and they have various reasons for such failure. These reasons include: pain and soreness, wide variation in the recommended frequency of blood sugar monitoring, and the perception that home SMBG is less recommended in their care. The study by Burge (2001) sought to study current

The Origin of the Moon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Origin of the Moon - Essay Example The earliest theory among them is that â€Å"earth had somehow spawned the moon† out (Schrunk, 1). George Darwin, son of the biological evolution theorist, Charles Darwin, had proposed this theory known as â€Å"fission hypothesis† in 1878 (Schrunk,1). This theory was based on the logic that as moon is gradually moving away from the earth (because the time taken by moon to make one revolution around the earth goes on increasing), logically it can be concluded that this is the continuation of an outward momentum initiated by the fission. Hence it is concluded that once moon might have been â€Å"closer to the earth than it is now† (Schrunk, 1). The reason for the split is also well-explained in fission theory. It is speculated that some kind of gravitational imbalance within the earth caused by its previous shape might have made it spit out a piece which became moon. The fission theory is supported by the fact that the core matter of moon is â€Å"not as massive as the earth’s† and also that same nonradioactive stable oxygen isotopes are found on the â€Å"terrestrial rocks† of both earth and moon (Gergo, 4,5). Thus this theory speculates that it was from the less dense mantle of the earth that moon was broken away as a separate entity. The weakness of fission theory is that there is a scientifically proven minimum distance near to the earth below which moon cannot exist in solid form and can exist only as â€Å"a ring of debris† (Schrunk, 1). Hence moon could never be close to earth within this minimum distance and continue to exist as a solid cosmic body. After proving this in 1873, Edouard Roche contested fission hypothesis and put forth the â€Å"co-accretion† theory (Schrunk, 1). Co-accretion theory said that earth and moon most probably might have been formed â€Å"at the same time, in the same neighborhood of the solar system† (Schrunk, 2). This is an assumption based on the similarities in st ructure between earth and moon like the presence of oxygen isotopes. A third theory on the origin of moon was proposed by Thomas.J.J.See (qtd in Schrunk) who theorized that â€Å"moon was †¦ a captured satellite† (Schrunk, 2). This theory was supported by one fact which came to light in that period. It was proven that at least some of the satellites of Saturn and Jupiter might have been captured ones (Schrunk, 2). See’s theory later came to be called as â€Å"capture hypothesis† (Schrunk, 2). This theory says that owing to the gravitational dynamics within and around the area where now the solar system exists, the orbit of moon (which was then far away from the earth) came near the earth (Schrunk, 2). And earth captured moon into becoming its satellite. The fourth and latest hypothesis on the origin of moon is known as â€Å"planetesimal impact hypothesis† and this theory has evolved combining certain features of all the three theories on the origin of moon that were proposed before it (Schrunk, 2). This hypothesis takes the idea that earth was hit by a â€Å"pre-planetory body† of the size of Mars, from the capture hypothesis (Schrunk, 2). It also brings in the argument that this collision had forced out, a huge quantity of debris which is a proposition put forward by the fission hypothesis (Schrunk, 2). And finally the â€Å"planetesimal impact hypothesis† also concludes that this debris â€Å"condensed into moon,† as was suggested partially by the co-accretion hypothesis (Schrunk, 2). The collision is supposed to have happened around 100 million years after the formation of the earth (Wilkinson, 73). This great impct is also thought to have caused the tipping of the axis of the earth and â€Å"inaugurated the seasons† on earth (Wilkinson, 73). This is the theory on moon’s origin which has gained the maximum approval. This is also in the context of many

Ragamuffin War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ragamuffin War - Essay Example These two army generals succeeded in making the war big because of the support they got from Giuseppe Garibaldi who was an Italian fighter. The war ended came to ending on March 1, 1845 after there were negotiations that led to the signing of the Ponche Verde Treaty. The Ragamuffin War was a big war that took place in the Brazilian Empire. The cause of the war was that there had risen a difference between the status of the economy in Rio Grande do Sul as opposed to the other states within the Brazilian Empire. The main issue with the economy was that there was an over focus on the internal market as opposed to the external market; this means that the income that came from the exports was relatively low. The internal market was going through hard times after the products that came from region faced much competition from commodities from outside the state, especially from Uruguay and Argentina, where dried and salted beef came from. The taxes imposed to the gauchos (the residents of Rio Grande do Sul) were relatively higher than that which was imposed in other states. The goods from the two highly competitive countries were tax free, an aspect that forced the local goods to suffer a big blow. The outburst of the war came immediately after a presidential election. In the elections held the same year the war began, Antonio Rodrigues Braga was elected the president of the Rio Grande do Sul. As expected by many, the president would make changes that would see that the state benefit more from its production after the heightened competition from products outside the state. Despite being impressive in the first days of his appointment, he began having resistance from the farming community. The perceived unfairness in trade caused general Bento Goncalves to initiate a revolution that would see the overturning of the government. This took place in September of 1935, where the General took captive of Porto Alegre and

International Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Finance - Essay Example Every five years EU citizens elect the European Parliament. Other significant EU institutions include the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Council, and the European Central Bank. Thereby EU has created one market through a uniform system of regulations which apply in all member countries. As a final stage of economic integration of the EU a monetary union (an optimum currency area) was formed. The Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) of 17 EU member states who have accepted the euro (â‚ ¬) as their common currency and solitary legal tender, makes the Eurozone, which is officially known as the euro area. Eurozone currently includes Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. Other EU member states are expected to fulfil the strict entry requirements to enter the Eurozone while some EU state s namely Sweden, Denmark and the United Kingdom has chosen to stay outside the Eurozone. European Central Bank carries the responsibility of the monetary policy of the area, whereas other zone/euro related decisions are co-operated through the euro group. Part A and B of this paper will review the case for Eurozone membership in regard of the optimum currency area theory and issues with fixed exchange rate systems respectively. Thereby finally the paper will conclude how the Eurozone membership can be attractive to new applicants. A) Optimum currency area theory in the Eurozone A geographic region which would maximize economic efficiency by the entire region sharing a single currency is known as an optimum currency area (OCA). The earliest mention of the concept was by Abba Lerner (Scitovsky, 1984); although most acknowledged development of the pertaining theory goes to Robert Mundell. Mundell argues that for perfect regional economic integration the said region must be an OCA. Thus he presented two simulations. First was an OCA with fixed expectations: the argument in brief is that uneven shocks are considered to challenge the real economy. These shocks are significant and cannot be organised. Also the international monetary policy (interest rates) cannot be modified for a specific situation of each integral region. Thus a regime with floating exchange rate is considered better than a fixed regime (Mundell, 1961). By this means the properties (Mongelli, 2008) of a successful optimal currency area are reviewed below. Mobility of factors of production including labour. High market integration inside a group of partner countries can lessen the need to modify real factor prices and the nominal exchange rate between countries in reaction to disturbances (Mundell, 1961). The belief that mobility of factors of production enhances both efficiency and welfare was confirmed by the trade theory. Such mobility is likely display its effect in the long-run. The production factors’ mobility is restricted by the speed that direct investment can be generated by one country and absorbed by another. Likewise, labour mobility which includes physical capability to travel (workers' rights, visas, etc.), lack of cultural blocks to free movement (such as different languages and

Philosophy of Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy of Law - Research Paper Example Amongst them includes the Natural School of thinking, The positivist School of thinkinginter alia. This subject is a broad area of study and our discussion will be confined within the understanding, conceptualization, and comprehension of the Positive school of thinking under which Legal positivism being the theory, which was propagated by John Austin famously, referred to Austin’s Theory, was extracted. Austin’s theory commonly referred to as Legal Positivism revolves around the idea that law is what it is and not what it ought to be. As was contradistinguished with the idea drove forth by the Natural School of law thinkers who opined that law must reflect eternal principles of Justice and morality which they believed originated from a super natural power beyond human’s understanding but which dictated the lives of men and which existed independence of government recognition (Austin 40). Austin’s approach to Law offered the best-formulated alternative of both the natural school of law and utilitarian approaches, which were propagated by Bentham. He also advanced the idea that there should be a complete separation of between law and morality and that law should be developed towards maximization of utility or personal pleasure or pain. Consequently, wisdom of a guiding policy can be calculated by addition of all pleasures and subtraction of all pain brought to everyone. (Ibid) Austin’s theory of law is most often referred to as the â€Å"command theory of law† based on the fact that the concept of command lies at its core viz law is the command of the sovereign, backed by a threat of sanction in the event of non-compliance or disobedience aimed at undermining its dictates (Patterson 244-46). A proper case scenario includes the laws of a state orchestrated from which norms and policies of a state are debated and passed by the legislative arm of the government. Assented by the president as the head of the executive, the sa me becomes a law, which commands the activities of the national within their sovereignty (Petterson 244-46). If a tort feaser feasernegligently causes an injury to a complainant, then the claim against him will be made based on the law. In the cause of his engagement with the claimant, the tort feaser must have been alive to the requisite norm. Once you subject one to danger and the same consequently occurs the event that proceeds thereafter shall culminate to liability or remedy compensational by rules put forth in the statute, otherwise referred by Austin as sanctions of the state. The element of the breach originated from the actual conduct of the injury otherwise referred to as the actusreus is what dictates whether he is suppose to be held accountable or liable for the injury against a claimant. The same argument equally applies to the criminal case instance where once it is established that the element of both mensrea and actusreus exists then the accused person can be punishe d according to a source of law that is in existence with accordance to the law of that state. Legality according to Austin, on this basis, is determined by the source of a norm and not based on the merits of its substance. The answer to the question â€Å"what is law?† is therefore obtained vide resort to facts not value. According to John Austin, a rule R is legally valid in a society S if and only if R is commanded by the sovereign in S and is backed up with the threat of a

Ragamuffin War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ragamuffin War - Essay Example These two army generals succeeded in making the war big because of the support they got from Giuseppe Garibaldi who was an Italian fighter. The war ended came to ending on March 1, 1845 after there were negotiations that led to the signing of the Ponche Verde Treaty. The Ragamuffin War was a big war that took place in the Brazilian Empire. The cause of the war was that there had risen a difference between the status of the economy in Rio Grande do Sul as opposed to the other states within the Brazilian Empire. The main issue with the economy was that there was an over focus on the internal market as opposed to the external market; this means that the income that came from the exports was relatively low. The internal market was going through hard times after the products that came from region faced much competition from commodities from outside the state, especially from Uruguay and Argentina, where dried and salted beef came from. The taxes imposed to the gauchos (the residents of Rio Grande do Sul) were relatively higher than that which was imposed in other states. The goods from the two highly competitive countries were tax free, an aspect that forced the local goods to suffer a big blow. The outburst of the war came immediately after a presidential election. In the elections held the same year the war began, Antonio Rodrigues Braga was elected the president of the Rio Grande do Sul. As expected by many, the president would make changes that would see that the state benefit more from its production after the heightened competition from products outside the state. Despite being impressive in the first days of his appointment, he began having resistance from the farming community. The perceived unfairness in trade caused general Bento Goncalves to initiate a revolution that would see the overturning of the government. This took place in September of 1935, where the General took captive of Porto Alegre and

Philosophy of Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy of Law - Research Paper Example Amongst them includes the Natural School of thinking, The positivist School of thinkinginter alia. This subject is a broad area of study and our discussion will be confined within the understanding, conceptualization, and comprehension of the Positive school of thinking under which Legal positivism being the theory, which was propagated by John Austin famously, referred to Austin’s Theory, was extracted. Austin’s theory commonly referred to as Legal Positivism revolves around the idea that law is what it is and not what it ought to be. As was contradistinguished with the idea drove forth by the Natural School of law thinkers who opined that law must reflect eternal principles of Justice and morality which they believed originated from a super natural power beyond human’s understanding but which dictated the lives of men and which existed independence of government recognition (Austin 40). Austin’s approach to Law offered the best-formulated alternative of both the natural school of law and utilitarian approaches, which were propagated by Bentham. He also advanced the idea that there should be a complete separation of between law and morality and that law should be developed towards maximization of utility or personal pleasure or pain. Consequently, wisdom of a guiding policy can be calculated by addition of all pleasures and subtraction of all pain brought to everyone. (Ibid) Austin’s theory of law is most often referred to as the â€Å"command theory of law† based on the fact that the concept of command lies at its core viz law is the command of the sovereign, backed by a threat of sanction in the event of non-compliance or disobedience aimed at undermining its dictates (Patterson 244-46). A proper case scenario includes the laws of a state orchestrated from which norms and policies of a state are debated and passed by the legislative arm of the government. Assented by the president as the head of the executive, the sa me becomes a law, which commands the activities of the national within their sovereignty (Petterson 244-46). If a tort feaser feasernegligently causes an injury to a complainant, then the claim against him will be made based on the law. In the cause of his engagement with the claimant, the tort feaser must have been alive to the requisite norm. Once you subject one to danger and the same consequently occurs the event that proceeds thereafter shall culminate to liability or remedy compensational by rules put forth in the statute, otherwise referred by Austin as sanctions of the state. The element of the breach originated from the actual conduct of the injury otherwise referred to as the actusreus is what dictates whether he is suppose to be held accountable or liable for the injury against a claimant. The same argument equally applies to the criminal case instance where once it is established that the element of both mensrea and actusreus exists then the accused person can be punishe d according to a source of law that is in existence with accordance to the law of that state. Legality according to Austin, on this basis, is determined by the source of a norm and not based on the merits of its substance. The answer to the question â€Å"what is law?† is therefore obtained vide resort to facts not value. According to John Austin, a rule R is legally valid in a society S if and only if R is commanded by the sovereign in S and is backed up with the threat of a

The Path To Industrial Growth Within China & India Essay Example for Free

The Path To Industrial Growth Within China India Essay Newly Industrialized Countries (NIC’s) have become increasingly industrially robust. As a result, it can be argued that NIC’s have used a set of economic requisites to achieve success in the 20th century. Selected countries in this grouping have realized newfound industrialization as the result of their political governing approach and have applied the same political development policies towards international involvement but it is not a necessity for industrialization. Using NIC’s China and India as leading examples, this essay will deliberate that there are specific economic requisites required by NIC’s for prosperity, but that liberal democracy, or any other governing form, is not a political requisite for NIC’s. China and India are the top NIC’s in term of GDP and GDP growth (OECD, 2012). They also possess the two largest populations in the world. They are considered newly industrialized countries because they both have experienced extensive growth in GDP every year since 1980’s (China almost reached a 10% annual growth in the last decade) (OECD, 2012). Both countries govern using different political systems. During its post-colonial era, India’s rule has been based on liberal democracy for the most part. China on the other hand is a single party-state currently governed by the Communist Party of China. While their political ideology is different, these two countries have been able to find prosperity using similar economic requisites that has allowed them to adapt to the rise of an interactive global economy. The adaption to the global economy for India and China, who were once known for their agricultural production, is their recognition that they hold interest for corporations in developed countries due to their cheap labor and growing consumer markets. By liberalizing their trade agreements and encouraging foreign investment, they have become a favored center of outsourcing for Western corporations. Foreign Investments†¦. Within this section, an analysis on the history of high economic development period of India and China will properly outline the requisites required in the industry. Newly industrialized countries like India and China have spiked a high interest developed countries corporations in terms of foreign investment. During the 19th century, they received a flood of foreign investment brought on by the opening of a previously closed economy in both states. This was perfectly timed as developed countries were encouraged to pursue and support their export capacity (McCormick, 2007). India and China both possess vast populations that help to support consumerist interest of trans corporations within the states as well. More specifically, the Chinese and Indians are also a source of inexpensive labor, making these two countries a prime target for investment, particularly in the manufacturing sector. Cutting out competitive wages and union issues, corporations are able to exploit China and India f or cheap labor through sweatshops, resulting in greater manufacturing output. This translates into lower priced goods, thus resulting in an increase of consumerism in industrialized countries. This has created an abundance of investment from developed and developing countries, allowing China and India to thrive from the benefits of foreign interests (McCormick, 2007). For the first time, foreign direct investment in China within the first six months of 2012 surpassed that of the United States, seeing an in flow of $59.1 billion US (for China) compared to $57.4 billion US (for US)(OECD, 2012). In 2011, the United States also led the world in foreign direct investment outflows (i.e., investment in other countries such as India and China), spending $419 billion (OECD, 2012). This achievement is monumental as for the last century the United States has dominated global foreign investment because of their seemingly essential presence in multilateral trade agreements and investment (Ikenberry, 2008). Outsourcing†¦ During the 20-th century, the level of foreign investment in these two NIC’s was accompanied with a high-level of increase in outsourcing. A majority of corporations from liberal democracies found it substantially more efficient and profitable, with the advances in technology, to invest overseas and reduce employment within their own country. Why pay employees more at home when it is possible to â€Å"source† it â€Å"out† to countries that have little regulation? The net benefit is reduced costs. In 2011, the United States outsourced 2, 273, 292 jobs, with the top three locations being India, Indonesia, and China (OECD, 2012). It’s nothing new for developed liberal democracies but when jobs created within the country are fewer than ones exported, it can cause political strife for leaders if it becomes common knowledge. In Lisa DiCarlo article for Forbes Magazine, Politics of Outsourcing, she points out that outsourcing has become a fairly â€Å"hot-button† politically during the United States election campaigns, with various politicians promising tax incentives for companies to keep jobs within the country (DiCarlo, 2004). Outsourcing has led to a substantial boom in exports and job creation for newly industrialized countries. India and China are formidable manufacturing powers, and can meet the high demands of various goods-producing investors. Much has changed. NIC’s were once limited to low-profit exports that were often single resource-based with high-profit goods being manufactured and assembled within developed countries. China has adapted to the new global economic reality by forming urban labor pools that can respond to increasingly sophistical array of manufacturing needs of investors (Schneider, 2009). This has traditionally recognized as the production of rather unimportant material goods, such as the production of low-cost furniture and clothes. In addition to these goods, however, the emergence of technology has created an increase in the variety and volume of high-priced manufactured products now produced by NIC’s (McCormick, 2007). Within NICs, these tactics have resulted in the upward surge of the GDP and significant industrial production in comparison to other global economies. The Economist reported that in 2004, noticeable NIC’s Venezuela, Indonesia, and Argentina, have doubled (in some cases tripled) the GDP % growth of liberal democracies (McCormick, 2007). The same is true with industrial production, where the only liberal democracy that measures up with NIC’s is Austria. So where did this begin? Trade liberalization is one of the main roots to this growing global trade money tree. The economic progression that China and India have witnessed within the past couple of decades is associated to their commitment of opening up to global trade. In the past 20 years, there has been a growth in world trade that is averaging six percent a year (IMF, 2001). Trade plays an essential part in these countries’ economic growth, and can be traced back to the General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade in 1947. The GATT created a world-trading system that has allowed countries to participate in multilateral trade agreements and resulted in the establishment of the World Trade Organization. Developing countries play a significant role, accounting for one-third of the world trade. The International Monetary Fund also reported that 40% of developing countries exports go towards other developing countries (IMF, 2001). In the past 20 years, East Asia (including India and China) has seen its average import tariff lowered from 30% to 10% (IMF, 2001). Trade liberalization is key in the conversion of once poor agriculture export-based countries that have adapted to the manufacturing export-led economies, as referenced above. Developed nations have a demand to keep farmers employed domestically, negatively affecting international agricultural trade. To protect local farmers, agriculture remains one of the most heavily tariffed trades good for industrialized countries (over 15%) along side the high subsidies put in place for the agriculture sector (IMF, 2001). For example, the European Commission is spending $2.7 billion euro per year making sugar profitable for European farmers, a protectionist measure, at the same time that it is shutting out low-cost imports of tropical sugar (IMF, 2001). These economic adaptations toward the global market, in a world that is moving towards rapid globalization patterns, are essential for developing countries to thrive and, in some cases, become dominant powers. The steps outlined are not only used by India and China, but a vast majority of NIC’s that are seeing exponential growth. There is no doubt that this increase in national capitol has caused a change to the domestic lifestyle of the population in India and China. Quality of life will change significantly with increased capitol available for schools, roads, and hospitals. There will also be a surge in spending on transport and other infrastructure to provide support for the influx of urbanization that NIC’s tend to experience when dealing with the shift employment from agriculture to manufacturing (McCormick, 2007). However, these changes will only be applied if bureaucracy is run efficiently and effectively with little corruption and incompetence. This leads to the argument that different political systems can reach the same success as long as they are able to successfully implement their capitol through bureaucracies. This is why there is not necessarily any set political requisites in terms of a governing system, as justified by the differentiation between India and China. The following section will expand on this argument in addition into delving deeper into urbanization and bureaucracy issues. Political†¦ The political-development model for international participation for China and India has evolved over the past decades. There has been a strong shift from socialist policies that encourage state-ownership, extensive regulation and a closed economy to an adopted capitalist-development model. This new model supports the characteristics of open-market economy, free trade with numerous states, and an expanding role of the state within the global trade market (McCormick, 2007). It emphasizes the need for globalization in order to prosper off of the transnational and international institutes in place. This is put in motion by implementing policies that loosen international trade policies in order to allow trade liberalization between states, which as mentioned above plays a huge factor in how they are able to prosper. Historically the capitalist model is associated with strong political leaders that can use their governing system to achieve increased social freedoms and civil rights within the state, prioritizing on the improvement of the standard of living within the state, and the promotion of expansion and growth of urban centers (McCormick, 2007). However this is not essential in for economic prosperity, although encouraged, but some of these aspects will naturally occur with the implementation of the model. An urban growth from 17% in 1971 to 28% in 2001 was experienced in India, a country recognized as having high rural populations (Datta, 2006). India was slower at adapting economic liberalization than China but purged the socialist-inspired policies that are widespread among lower developed countries. Using the capitalist development model in reference to trade and foreign investment is a requisite for newly industrialized countries in terms of policy. China, who started its economic reforms in 1978, emerged internationally by radically changing its urban landscape and encouraging migration to large cities. Approximately half of their population is located in urban areas with a projected 70% of Chinese living in cities in 2035 (United Nations, 2011). Political-development myths about the need for social freedoms, civil rights and higher standard of living within state associated with the growth of NIC’s is contradicted by the governing seen within China (Schneider, 2009). Although China might possess the highest level of GDP in the world thanks to its economic reforms, it still reports a high level of human rights violations. It is a country that is run by a government that believes in economic freedom for international and domestic success but this does not translate in political freedoms (Schneider, 2009). This has been criticized by the United States, who believed that partial democratic reform would ensue with the liberalization of the Chinese economy. Within India, political freedoms are intact given its practices liberal democracy. However, the living standard suffers as the result of government inefficiency (Datta, 2006). The two states have the leading numbers in population and GDP growth but their living standards are not equal. China possesses a Gini coefficient of 48 in 2009 while India ‘s was only 36.8 (CIA Factbook, 2010). This demonstrates that even if most NIC’s tend to adopt liberal democracies in order to prosper from relations with other democracies and increased support from populations, it is not necessarily essential, meaning not a requisite. China has demonstrated its mercantilism market through their communist government is a suitable replacement, possibly a more efficient according to some due to their superpower role, depending on one’s view of human liberties. The key notion of these growths is that they are new. China at the start of this growth had little requirement from their people towards government but as they grow and industrialize they will see a rise from the middle class and this will possibly increase the demand for more liberal practices. There is no guarantee that the existing Chinese government will be able to sustain their one party rule and iron-grip on human rights, especially with continued international pressure from powerful states such as the United States (Ikenberry, 2008). This is, however, is one of several possible situations that NIC’s could be faced with. The present world is an ever-changing place that has wide-arrangements of uncertainties from economic upheavals and huge debts that could cause primary investors, such as Canada and the United States, to crash at a moments notice. This would cause repercussions for any NIC’s including shifts in outsourcing from primary investors in order to reestablish domestically. These are all uncertainties that face the NIC’s in the 21st century, but as for now, if they stick to their current practices they will keep growing. There are sets of economic requisites that have attributed to the success in industrialization of NIC’s and soon there will be some that are left behind with the adoption of new requisites to keep pace with the ever-changing global market. As for political requisites, I don’t believe in one governing system dictating the growth of a state but that the belief that a certain few systems can make the transition of lower developed country to newly industrialized country an easier task. Within this century, there will be a radical shift of powers in the world and one can predict that NIC’s will play major roles thanks to following set requisites and adapting to the global economy. References: DiCarlo, L. (2004, February 18). Politics of outsourcing .Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/2004/02/18/cx_ld_0218outsourcing.html OECD. (2012, October ). Fdi in figures. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/daf/internationalinvestment/investmentstatisticsandanalysis/FDI in figures.pdf IMF. (2001, November). Global trade liberalization and the developing countries. Retrieved from http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2001/110801.htm Datta, P. (2006). Urbanization in india. Population Studies Unit, Retrieved from http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/epc2006/papers/epc200 CIA Factbook. (2010). Gini index. Retrieved fromhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html United Nations. (2011). Department of economic and social affairs urban populations. Retrieved from http://esa.un.org/unup/Wallcharts/urban-rural-areas.pdf Ikenberry, G. (2008). The Rise of China and the Future of the West. Foreign Affairs. Schneider, A. (2009) Ignorance is not Bliss: The Importance of Understanding Chinese Culture for Foreign Policy. Tulane University :1- 15 McCormick, J. (2007). Comparative politics in transition. (5th ed.). Canada: The Thomson Corporation.

The Irony In The Truman Show English Literature Essay

The Irony In The Truman Show English Literature Essay Truman from The Truman Show and Meursault from The Stranger both have things that foreshadow their ultimate choices in life, which include symbolism, existential themes, and irony. In The Truman Show , there is irony present throughout the whole movie. During most of the film, Truman wanted to leave Seahaven and go explore the world. He had a desire to do more than just live a quaint, common life. He is unique, and it is his motivation that makes him stand out. His enduring determination helped him find the answer. For example, he almost drowned during a storm while sailing, but he persisted on. Truman got an answer, but it may not have been the answer he was searching for. Once Truman learned that his life was a television show, he realized he would not be as unique if he left. He would not be the center of attention, and now wants to be just an ordinary person outside of Seahaven. There also irony present throughout The Stranger, as Meursault also has somewhat of an epiphany towards the end of the novel. Throughout the story, Meursault is indifferent to many things and does not show strong moral values. For example, he kills a man without strong reasoning. After getting sentenced to death, he truly realizes why he is getting punished for his actions. He understands what will happen to him and accepts it. Ironically, instead of having moral thoughts or feelings of remorse, he believes that hatred of him would make him feel less alone. However, he realizes he becomes happier when he better understands human existence and purpose. As if that blind rage had washed me clean, rid me of hope; for the first time, in that night alive with signs and stars, I opened myself to the gentle indifference of the world. Finding it so much like myself-so like a brother, really-I felt that I had been happy and that I was happy again. For everything to be consummated, for me to fe el less alone, I had only to wish that there be a large crowd of spectators the day of my execution and that they greet me with cries of hate, (Part 2, Chapter 5, P.123). He feels lonely, and it is the hate from the crowd of spectators that help him feel less alone. Meursault faced a lot of things like an existentialist. For example, he was ready to accept his consequence after he shot the Arab. He also was ready for death, knowing it is inevitable. Some existential themes include freewill, controlling your own fate, accepting your fate, and taking responsibility for your own actions. These themes are all present in The Stranger. It was the freewill that led him to shooting the Arab, because he was in total control. He chose his fate, accepted the consequences, and took responsibility for what he did. For example, he realized he was going to die, and accepted it. There are also existentialist themes in The Truman Show. Although the shows creator, Christof, tried to keep Truman in Seahaven, he ultimately could not. Trumans freewill and control of his own fate led him to discovering the truth about Seahaven, and thus controlling the outcome of his life. He accepted the reality of his life being centered around a television show, but moved on by leaving Seahaven. Although Trumans artificial world came to an end, he entered reality as he left Seahaven. Symbolically, Trumans fake world coming to an end was foreshadowed by a previous event. The light fixture that fell as Truman left his home symbolized things starting to fall apart. Shortly after this even, there were more examples that caused him to be suspicious and doubtful of the world around him. Another great example of symbolism in the film was the unfinished bridge that Truman and Marlon had conversations on. Truman was always uncertain of something when he spoke to Marlon on the bridge, and it could represent Trumans unfulfilled life and uncertainty. Although Trumans life was unfulfilled in his eyes, there is something that foreshadows him traveling in the future and discovering something. The name of his sailboat was the Santa Maria, which was a famous boat that Columbus sailed to America on. This foreshadowed Truman leaving the town of Seahaven to explore a completely new world. There is much symbolism present in The Stranger as well. For example, Mersault does not like being uncomfortable, especially from the weather. Many perceive the sun as a source of warmth, sometimes beauty, but Meursault dislikes the heat. The sun normally brings joy, emotional warmth or comfort to an individual, but Meursault seems to dislike feeling emotional in any way. He also dislikes heat from the sun. The sun was a barrier of Mersaults emotions. It also led him to murder. While walking on the beach, Meursault encountered the Arab again. The Arab reflected light off of his knife from the sun. Meursault thought to himself, All I could feel were the cymbals of sunlight crashing on my forehead and, instinctively, the dazzling spear flying up from the knife in front of me. The scorching blade slashed at my eyelashes and stabbed at my stinging eyes, (Part 1, Ch.6, P.59). Right after this, he shot and killed the Arab. It seems like the little emotions that Meursault had took over his actions. Before walks up to the Arab and shoots him, Meursault thinks to himself, It occurred to me that all I had to do was turn around and that would be the end of it. But the whole beach, throbbing in the sun, was pressing on my back. I took a few steps toward the spring, (Part 1, Ch.6, P.58).However, towards the end of the novel he did gain some morals and understood much more about life. When he did, he looked into the window, with the sun shining behind it, and gazed at his reflection: I moved closer to the window, and in the last light of day I gazed at my reflection one more time, (Part 2, Ch.2, P.81). As you can see, existential themes, symbols and irony not only foreshadow, but affect Meursaults and Trumans ultimate choices in life.

themebeo Epic of Beowulf Essay - Theme and Style of Beowulf

The Theme and Style of Beowulf  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Interpretations of Beowulf’s theme vary much more than commentary on the poet’s style. In this essay I hope to state clearly some of the popularly mentioned themes running through the poem, and to carefully delineate many aspects of the author’s style.    â€Å"Many critics feel that the speech of Hrothgar between lines 1700 and 1784 encapsulates the moral of the poem†¦.’He does not know the worse – till inside him great arrogance grows and spreads’† (Shippey 38). Is the theme of the poem that pride kills? Hrothgar’s ominous words do come back to haunt the hero more than once. Beowulf is a braggart; he is proud, and nothing seems able to change his basic proud outlook derived from his all-powerful physical strength. Even shortly before his own defeat against the fire-dragon, our hero is recalling his killing of the great hero of the Hugas with his bare hands:    ever since the time,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   in front of the hosts, I slew Daeghrefn,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the champion of the Hugas, with my bare hands.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He never brought back his breast-ornament  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to the Frisian king: the standard-bearer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   fell in combat a prince, in valor;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   no edge killed him my hand-grip crushed  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   his beating heart, his life’s bone-house (2501-09).    Yes, Beowulf was full of pride and self-confidence; this made him impetuous in his actions. Regarding the dragon, â€Å"its strength and fire seemed nothing at all to the strong old king†(2348-49); before facing the dragon, he was reminiscing about his valour ... ... John. â€Å"The Conflicting Demands of Heroic Strength and Kingly Wisdom.† In Readings on Beowulf, edited by Stephen P. Thompson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press,1998.    Magoun, Frances P. â€Å"Oral-Formulaic Character of Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poetry.†Ã‚   In TheBeowulf Poet, edited by Donald K. Fry. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.    Shippey, T.A.. â€Å"The World of the Poem.† In Beowulf – Modern Critical Interpretations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.    Tharaud, Barry. â€Å"Anglo-Saxon Language and Traditions in Beowulf.† In Readings on Beowulf, edited by Stephen P. Thompson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press,1998.    Tolkien, J.R.R.. â€Å"Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics.† In Beowulf – Modern Critical Interpretations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.